Volcanoes Essay Example For Students

Volcanoes Essay By Tricia Severson2nd hour Science4/30/98A volcano is a vent, or opening, in the surface of the Earth through which magma andassociated gases and ash erupt. The word also refers to the form or structure, usuallyconical, produced by accumulations of erupted material. Volcanoes occur mainly nearplate tectonic boundaries and are especially common around the Pacific basin, called thePacific Ring of Fire (see Plate Tectonics). Humanity has long been awed by this powerful force of nature. The Romans attributedvolcanic events to Vulcan, the god of fire and metalworking. In AD 79 the eruption ofMount Vesuvius destroyed the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Polynesiansbelieve volcanoes to be ruled by the fire goddess Pele. One of the most spectacularvolcanic eruptions in recorded history occurred in 1883 with the explosion of Krakatoa,an island in the Sunda Strait near Java (see Krakatoa). A more recent example is thedramatic 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in the Cascade Range in Wa shington State. Volcano Formation and EruptionsVolcanic eruptions may be violent, even catastrophic, or relatively mild. The mostexplosive eruptions are essentially blasts of steam that create spectacular displays. We will write a custom essay on Volcanoes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Quieter fissure eruptions occur when molten rock pushes through long cracks in theEarths crust and floods the surrounding landscape. Such repeated outpourings of lava canfill surrounding valleys and bury low hills, creating thick lava sequences that eventuallybecome plateaus (see Plateau). The origin of molten rock, referred to by geologists as magma, is not clearlyunderstood. About 80 percent of all magma is composed of basalt rock. Geophysicalresearch suggests that volcanic magma forms near the base of the Earths crust and movesupward to a shallow magma chamber before erupting at the surface. Magmas risebecause they are less dense than the rocks at lower depths, and their heat probablyweakens surrounding rocks. The upward movement of magma may also be due toexpanding gases within the molten rock or to chemical reactions that dissolve rocksabove the magma. Volcanic material moves toward the surface through channelways, orvolcanic conduits, and is extruded through vents at the Earths surface. (See also Lavaand Magma.) Eruptions take different forms depending on the composition of the magma when itreaches the surface. Sudden eruptions are often associated with low-viscosity (morefluid) magma where the expanding gases form a froth that becomes a light, glassy rockcalled pumice. In eruptions of high-viscosity (thicker) magmas, the gas pressure shattersthe rock into fragments. Pyroclastic rocks, formed by volcanic explosion, are namedaccording to size: volcanic ash if sand-sized or smaller, volcanic bombs if larger. Consolidated ash is called tuff. Quieter, more passive eruptions release fluid basalt lavafrom dikes or dike swarms (magma intrusions that cut across layers of rock). Theseeruptions cover large areas and often produce ropy, or pahoehoe, lava flows. Thickerbasalt lava breaks into chunks or blocks, forming blocky lava flows, called aa. The products of volcanism may be classified into two groups: lava and pyroclastics. Lava is the fluid phase of volcanic activity. Pyroclastics (also called tephra) arevarious-sized particles of hot debris thrown out of a volcano. Whether lava orpyroclastics are being ejected, the eruption is normally accompanied by the expulsion ofwater and gases, many of which are poisonous. Lava usually forms long, narrow rivers ofmolten rock that flow down the slopes of a volcano. Explosive eruptions tend to be spectacular events best observed from a safe distance. Earthquakes, high columns of vapors, lightning, and strong whirlwinds often accompanythe explosions. The eruption of Krakatoa unleashed a tsunami, a large seismic sea wave,that swept the coasts of Java and Sumatra and drowned more than 36,000 people. Avolcano can grow with frightening speed and often affects territory far beyond the areaon which the cone forms. When volcanoes are born in the sea, the eruptions may be moreviolent than those on land because the contact between molten rock and seawaterproduces steam. Volcanoes also create craters and calderas. Craters are formed either by the massivecollapse of material during volcanic activity, by unusually violent explosions, or later byerosion during dormancy. Calderas are large, basin-shaped depressions. Most of them areformed after a magma chamber drains and no longer supports the overlying cone, whichthen collapses inward to create the basin. One of the most famous examples is thestill-active Kilauea caldera in Hawaii. Types of Vo lcanoesVolcanoes are usually classified by shape and size. These are determined by such factorsas the volume and type of volcanic material ejected, the sequence and variety oferuptions, and the environment. Among the most common types are shield volcanoes,stratovolcanoes, and cinder cones. Shield volcanoes have a low, broad profile created by highly fluid basalt flows thatspread over wide areas. The fluid basalt cannot build up a cone with sides much steeperthan 7 degrees. Over thousands of years, however, these cones can reach massive size. .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .postImageUrl , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:hover , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:visited , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:active { border:0!important; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:active , .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451 .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u40e6877bf5f7a253607d0e3d71b65451:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mars 3 EssayThe Hawaiian Islands are composed of shield volcanoes that have built up from the seafloor to the surface some 3 miles (5 kilometers) above. Peaks such as Mauna Loa andMauna Kea rise to more than 13,600 feet (4,145 meters) above sea level. Hawaii is thelargest lava structure in the world, while Mauna Loa, if measured from the sea floor, isthe worlds largest mountain in terms of both height and volume. Stratovolcanoes are the most common volcanic form. They are composed of alternatinglayers of lava and pyroclastic material. When a quiet lava flow ends, it creates a seal ofsolidified lava within the conduit of the volcano. Pressure gradually builds up below,setti ng the stage for a violent blast of pyroclastic material. These alternating cycles repeatthemselves, giving stratovolcanoes a violent reputation. A cinder cone is a conical hill of mostly cinder-sized pyroclastics. The profile of thecone is determined by the angle of repose, that is, the steepest angle at which debrisremains stable and does not slide downhill. Larger cinder fragments, which fall near thesummit, can form slopes exceeding 30 degrees. Finer particles are carried farther fromthe vent and form gentle slopes of about 10 degrees at the base of the cone. Thesevolcanoes tend to be explosive but may also extrude some lava. Cinder cones arenumerous, occur in all sizes, and tend to rise steeply above the surrounding area. Thoseoccurring on the flanks of larger volcanoes are called parasitic cones. Volcanic activity typically alternates between short active periods and much longerdormant periods. An extinct volcano is one that is not erupting and is not likely to eruptin the fut ure. A dormant volcano, while currently inactive, has erupted within historictimes and is likely to do so in the future. An inactive volcano is one that has not beenknown to erupt within historic times. Such classification is arbitrary, however, sincealmost any volcano is capable of erupting again. In the late stages of volcanic activity, magma can heat circulating groundwater,producing hot springs and geysers (see Geyser and Fumarole). A geyser is a hot-waterfountain that spouts intermittently with great force. One of the best-known examples isOld Faithful in Yellowstone National Park. Fumaroles are vents that emit gas fumes orsteam. Volcanoes occur along belts of tension, where continental plates diverge, and alongbelts of compression, where the plates converge. Styles of eruption and types of lava areassociated with different kinds of plate boundaries. Most lavas that issue from vents inoceanic divergence zones and from midoceanic volcanoes are basaltic. Where oceanplates collide , the rock types basalt and andesite predominate. Near the zone where anocean plate and continental margin converge, consolidated ash flows are found. Nearly 1,900 volcanoes are active today or known to have been active in historicaltimes. Of these, almost 90 percent are situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire. This belt partlycoincides with the young mountain ranges of western North and South America, and thevolcanic island arcs fringing the north and western sides of the Pacific basin. TheMediterranean-Asian orogenic belt has few volcanoes, except for Indonesia and theMediterranean where they are more numerous. Oceanic volcanoes are strung along theworlds oceanic ridges, while the remaining active volcanoes are associated with theAfrican rift valleys. Study of Volcanic Eruptions Volcanology, a branch of geology, is the study of volcanoes and volcanic activity. Although volcanoes are difficult to study because of the hazards involved, volcanoobservatories have existed for decades. Scientists observe active volcanoes to obtain information that might help predict thetiming and intensity of eruptions. Sensitive instruments detect changes in temperature,chemical composition of emissions, Earth movements, magnetic fields, gravity, and otherphysical properties of the volcano. Modern networks of seismographs provideinformation on the internal structure and activity of volcanoes (see Earthquake). Theintensity, frequency, and location of earthquakes provide important clues to volcanicactivity, particularly impending eruptions. Movements of magma typically producenumerous tremors, sometimes exceeding 1,000 per day. An almost continuous tremorgenerally accompanies a lava outpouring. Tiltmeters (instruments that measure tilting ofthe ground) help detect swelling and deflation of the volcano caused by the accumulationand movement of magma. Researchers a lso monitor variations in the chemistry andpetrology of the lavas and the chemistry of emitted gases. Volcanoes erupt in a wide variety of ways. Even a single volcano may go throughseveral eruption phases in one active period. Eruptions are classified according to thegeochemical composition and viscosity of the lavas, nature of the flows or ash release,and associated phenomena. Magmatic eruptions are the most common, but the mostviolent arise from steam explosions when the fiery magma reaches surface water, ice, orgroundwater. Pelean eruptions, named after the 1902 eruption of Mount Pele on the Caribbeanisland of Martinique, are characterized by incandescent flows of rock and pumicefragments. The entrapment of high-temperature gases in these glowing avalanches,known by the French term nue ardente, is associated with a particularly violent phase oferuption. Eruptions of intermediate force are typified by Plinian eruptions, named after Pliny theElder, who witnessed the volcanic destru ction of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Plinianeruptions are characterized by both the extrusion of high-viscosity lava flows and theviolent explosion of released gases that blast huge quantities of ash, cinders, bombs, andblocks skyward. Volcanic mudflows, landslides, and lahars (flows of volcanic debris)may also follow, particularly if the eruptions are accompanied by rainstorms. Less violent Hawaiian and Strombolian-type eruptions are associated with fissures thatoften produce a line of fire fountains. These geyserlike fountains of lava may shootseveral hundred feet into the air and form a nearly continuous curtain of fire. The basaltlava is extremely fluid and flows down the mountain sides in torrents. When thesestreams reach the sea, they form pillow lavas, lobes of stacked lava that resemble a pileof pillows. Volcanoes provide a wealth of natural resources. Emissions of volcanic rock, gas, andsteam are sources of important industrial materials and chemicals, such as pumice, boricaci d, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. In Iceland most of the homes in Reykjavk areheated by hot water tapped from volcanic springs. Greenhouses heated in the same waycan provide fresh vegetables and tropical fruits to this subarctic island. Geothermal steamis exploited as a source of energy for the production of electricity in Italy, New Zealand,the United States, Mexico, Japan, and Russia. The scientific study of volcanoes providesuseful information on Earth processes.

Longisquama - Facts and Figures

Longisquama - Facts and Figures Name: Longisquama (Greek for long scales); pronounced LONG-ih-SKWA-mah Habitat: Woodlands of central Asia Historical Period: Middle Triassic (230-225 million years ago) Size and Weight: About six inches long and a few ounces Diet: Probably insects Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; feather-like plumes on pack About Longisquama To judge by its single, incomplete fossil specimen, Longisquama was closely related to other small, gliding reptiles of the Triassic period like Kuehneosaurus and Icarosaurus. The difference is that these latter reptiles possessed flat, butterfly-like wings of skin, whereas Longisquama had thin, narrow plumes jutting out from its vertebrae, the exact orientation of which is a continuing mystery. Its possible that these quill-like structures extended from side to side and gave Longisquama some lift when it jumped from branch to branch of high trees, or they may have stuck straight up and served a strictly decorative function, probably related to sexual selection. Of course, it hasnt escaped the notice of scientists that Longisquamas frills seem to have stopped just short of being genuine feathers. A small handful of paleontologists have seized on this resemblance to propose that Longisquama may have been ancestral to birdswhich would either cause this creature (which is tentatively classified as a diapsid reptile) to be reclassified as an early dinosaur or archosaur, or upend established thought entirely and trace modern birds back to an obscure family of gliding lizards. Until more fossil evidence is found, though, the current theory (that birds evolved from feathered theropod dinosaurs) appears to be safe!

The Depression of the 1930s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Depression of the 1930s - Essay Example The proposals of NBS was for the largest ever tax increase, distend tariffs, massive welfare economics of public works projects, controlling of wages and prices and hiking bank reserve requirement. This lead to worse economic problems for the country than was expected. The economic depression of the 1930s was due to the emergence of managerial capitalism and the mass consumption. The Americans thought that the recession was caused by a myriad of issues among them ;the crash of the stock market, failure of the banks, reduction in the purchasing across the block ,the American economic policy with Europe which had direct constraints to their well being in economic matters and the drought conditions in the Mississippi The Sherman Antitrust act and other Antitrust laws The antitrust law faced a lot of backlash especially for the big businesses leading to the continuing of the monopolistic and oligopolistic characteristics of the big businesses. The antitrust laws did not spell out the cle ar business conducts and stipulate the regulations of the businesses. The antitrust laws allowed for the formation of mergers of the co operations into single and multinational entities which developed and became great entities in the 21st century creating great stumbles to other players in the sector of the related businesses globally. Despite the antitrust laws there were numerous mergers in 1899 and the 1901 .This lead to great effects into the future of big businesses in the USA in the later centuries. The antitrust laws lead to the creation and the development of organizational management and management capitalism to deal with the running and managing of large businesses and cooperation coming as a result of the formation of big business mergers. The question of whether the antitrust laws were a failure or not has left a lot of debate on the issue whether it was a failure or not. Most of the players in the market and within the economy believe that it was never a failure. Polit ical, business and economic historians believe that it was not a failure. The laws did not fail in achieving their intended purposes in the regulation of the market and the economy of the USA. The antitrust laws however increased and enhanced the degree at which companies became concentrated and became more monopolistic and oligopolistic hence affecting the rate of equity and fairness in the running of big businesses within the economy of the state. From this law the people of America learnt to live in an environment of big businesses and imperfect completion within the market set up in their economy. Emergence of Managerial capitalism and the Visible hand of the Market The development of the management as explained by Chandler meant that the management had shifted from that which was organized and decentralized to individuals to an approach that is centralized and one which is centralized to few individuals in an organization with numerous managerial and decision making structures. The management is thus taken into the hands of accountants and managers which are answerable to the shareholders and their specific interests. The managements of the GM adopted a vertical and horizontal integration approach in the running of the organization in the early years without much planned and prepared strategies as a way out of the economic constraints

Katy Texas ,Phenommenological features Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Katy Texas ,Phenommenological features - Essay Example In terms of economy, Katy community is surrounded by the headquartered offices known us Igloo Corporation, Academy Sports Outdoors, as well as BP America (Adams, 2012). Katy group has different parks and diversion focus. The sorts of social associations of Katy Community include the Harris County focus, Katy tigers, and the yearly Katy rice Harvest celebration portrays it. Katy group embodies incorporates the City of Katy additionally the huge segments of unincorporated Harris, Fort Bend, and Waller districts and characterized by the limits of the 181 sq mi (470 km2) Katy Independent School District. Most occupants of the zone have a Katy postal location creating some disarray. The Katy open workmanship extend on the region Economic Development Councils "Vitality Grows Here" marking activity are extensive scale ventures that have been propelled to help advertise, recognize and unite the Katy

John Stuart Mills Ethical Theory Of Utilitarianism Philosophy Essay

John Stuart Mills Ethical Theory Of Utilitarianism Philosophy Essay John Stuart Mill believed in an ethical theory known as utilitarianism and his theory is based on the principle of giving the greatest happiness to greatest number of people, Mill support the pursuit of happiness. On the other hand, Kant who believed in an ethical theory known as Deontologist and he believes that only principle of actions matter and moral decisions should be made based on one duties and right of others. Utilitarianism believes the morally right actions are those actions that maximize the pleasure and minimize the pain. Utilitarianism thinks the consequence of an action justifies the moral acceptability of means taken to reach that end and the result of actions outweigh any other considerations. In other words, they believe that end justifies the means. Utilitarianism believes an action is morally right if it results in pleasure; whereas it is wrong if it gives rise to pain. Utilitarianism believes sacrificing one man to save thousands is okay because you maximize the happiness of whole community or the world. For utilitarianism consequences of actions matter, so right action maximize the amount of happiness. Utilitarianism does not consider personal relationship. For instance, there is fire and in this fire there is your son and a person who can cure cancer who will burn to the death, utilitarianism will say save the person who can cure the cancer because he will save all patients who have cancer and it will maximize the happiness in the world. According to utilitarianism, it is out duty to help people without worrying about consequences, for example, Mills thinks we should do charities as much as we can without having affected or damage on ourselves because giving charity will give maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Millà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ethical view links happiness with morality because it makes sense with common beliefs about morality for example utilitarianism backs up murder is wrong. There are few act that are not good according to utilitarianism such as selfless act, for instance beating up wife gives pleasure to men where wife is selfless so this act is not morally right and good for utilitarianism. Sometimes utilitarianism require us to commit morally reprehensible acts for instance, there is a terrorist who has a nuclear weapon aimed at your city and at the same time you have access to the child of insane terrorist, you can torture the child so you can get the terrorist to stop his action. In situation like this, utilitarianism might say to torture the child so you can save the whole city even though it is not morally right to torture small child. I think the major problem with utilitarianism in defining ethics as either happiness or pleasure is that happiness is a moral duty and it is not morality in and of itself. While pleasure is not a moral duty but rather a biological command to seek that which pleasure us, for example drugs, sex, music can give us pleasure but they have nothing to do with morality or ethics. On the other hand, Kant believed in an ethical theory known as Deontology; that focus on the concept of duty rather than on any concept of right or wrong. His theory emphasize on the type of action rather than consequences of that action. Kant believes that moral decisions should be based on one duties and right of others and we should act morally regardless of consequences and act is considered moral if it is done for the sake of duty. For instance, a homeless man with brain damage in accident is brought to hospital and doctor realize that he does not have any families but deontologist will save man life as it is his duty to treat a patients. Utilitarianism might say let man die and use his organ to save as many people as possible to maximize the happiness of the world. However, according to deontologist allowing the man to die would not make that decision justify. Kant believe that well being of each person should be an end to in itself and we should never treat someone as simple a means but always as a means to an end. According to Kant, moral rules are commands and it is demanded by reason and free person acts on reason and does not pay attention to influences that are nor rational. For example, there should not be any exception to moral rules or laws, therefore, it is wrong to kill people in all situations even in self defense that apply to everyone in every situation. Kant believes that consequences do not matter because act of our consequences are not always in our control and things do not turn out, as we want. However, we can control our motives and the motives to what is right gives an act its moral worth. Kant believes we should use our morals as a guide when making decisions, for instance, there are four patients in the hospital that needs different organ to survive, and a regular person comes to the hospital for regular check up. According to utilitarianism, it is better to sacrifice one man to save others because it will maximize the happiness but deontologist will say it is immoral to kill an innocent person to maximize the happiness and we should not use person as a tool. Another difference between these two theories in situation like lie, Kant believes we should not lie in any circumstances because it is morally wrong and to lie it will make a person a means to an end which is not good. However, utilitarianism will say that it is okay t o lie if it maximizes the happiness.

Consumer Behavior Literature Review Essay

INTRODUCTION: Profile of students: 2014 was the year, which saw an increasing number of students of XLRI batch, belonged to Generation Z. The current students are the ones who were born into a digital world and they find it difficult remembering a time without the Internet, laptops and most importantly mobile phones. Also, they are used to process huge amounts of information using high speed Internet. Since this generation has spend an increasing amount of time interacting on social media than rest others, large amount of information which they receive is through others, which at times is not without personal bias. Some of the other qualities attributable to them are listed in the picture below: Given the limited income (owing to zero or 1-2 years of work experience), price is a key factor when students select their prospective alternatives of phones. Therefore, mid-range handsets are more popular in this segment instead of the high end ones. Mobile market and Brands in India: Some of the important headline facts ands figures related to mobile phone market in India: Around 200 Million units of feature phones were sold in India during 2013 Smartphones registered the fastest retail volume growth of 172% during 2013, with sales reaching 44 Million phones. Launch of affordable smartphones has decreased the increase in sales of feature phones. Mobile phones are expected to register retail volume growth of CAGR 9% with sales reaching 39 million units by 2018 Growth in the category and market share and its variance in last five years is given in the table below: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH India is a booming market for mobile phone industry. As per the report from IPSOS Consulting, Mobile subscribers grew from 2 million in 2000 to 939 million in 2012. Due to plethora of options available in the market,  customers get to choose the right product for them as per their needs. In order to understand the factors considered by a potential customer while making the buying decision in depth interview was conducted with people who bought mobile phone recently and the people with prior work experience in mobile manufacturing companies as described in Annexure1 Variables Identification The variable of our study are reasons for purchasing, criteria of mobile purchase, major information source, Demographic and Psychographic characteristic of mobile buyer across brands, satisfaction of the mobile purchase across brands, barriers to buying mobiles students face, awareness about mobile models, money spent on mobile in a year by students. The following table presents the details of variables of our study. Variable Parameter Reason for purchasing Calling, feeling connected, convenience Criteria of mobile purchase Price, sim slots, gaming ease, camera, screen size, warranty, graphic, processor, RAM, OS,storage Source of information Friends, shopkeepers, blogs, e-commerce websites factors influencing the purchase discount offers, EMI,exchange offers, festivals, gifts, sales promotions Demographic and psychographic characteristics Of mobile buyers across brands Prior work experience, gender, specialization Satisfaction of mobile across brands Brand loyalty, recommendation to others Barriers to buying Availability, time, inconvenience Awareness about mobile models Based on gender, used source of information Money spent on mobile in a year Average expenditure, frequency of purchase, number of phones used at a time Annexure-A (Details of In-depth Interview) Objective of In-depth Interview Identify the reasons for a new purchase To understand the factors affecting the buying decision To understand the role of WOM and other sources of information in making the final decision Identify the essential features in the mobile phone bought Identify the desired features in the mobile phone Screening Questions Purchased a mobile phone after coming to XLRI Or worked for a mobile manufacturing firm before coming to XLRI Introduction of Awareness Name, Home town Sources of information Behavior Influence of various source of information Relevant Attitude and Value Activity Aspirational Value Conclusion What are the main reasons for buying a particular phone? Literature Review Studies on consumer behavior regard consumers as key determinants of organizational success and it has been found that the most successful organizations are those that are customer-centered (Blackwell, Miniard, & Engel, 2006). It is a study of decision-making process of buyers whether they are individuals or a group to understand their demand. For companies it is very important to understand consumer behavior so that they can identify their requirements and cater to their expectations from the product or service. It is only then they will be able to capture their target market and maintain their market share. Dorsch, Grove and Darden (2002) in their research on customer choice of mobile phone found that from the perspective of marketing consumer’s purchase process can be classified into a five step  problem solving process such as: need recognition, information search, given alternatives evaluation, purchase activity and post purchase evaluation When buying a product a lot o f interpersonal and social factors are involved and so is the case for mobile phones. A study by Karjaluoto et al. (2005) on analyzing factors affecting decision making process for buying mobile phones in Finland, classified the factors into seven categories: innovative services, multimedia, design, brand and basic properties, outside influence, price and reliability. The authors also found from the two studies that while technical problems were the basic reason to change mobile phone among students; price, brand, interface, and properties were the most influential factors affecting the actual choice between brands. Liu (2002) conducted a similar study focused on decisions regarding brand for the mobile phones in Asia, found that the choice of a mobile phone is characterized by two attitudes towards brands: attitudes towards the mobile phone brand and attitudes towards the network. Largely new features affect customers’ choice of mobile phone brand than its size. This trend of choosing is definitely towards phones with better capacity and larger screens. It can also be seen that the current trend is seeing a shift in the mobile phone industry from second-generation mobile phones to third generation. Factors like Internet access and MMS services etc are also impacting consumer-buying behavior. In another study, Riquelme (2001) studied the amount of self-knowledge consumers have when choosing between mobile phone brands. It was built upon six key attributes (telephone features, connection fee, access cost, mobile to mobile phone rates, call rates and free rates). The research showed that consumers with prior knowledge were able to predict their choices relatively well but customers tended to overestimate the importance of features, call rates and underestimate the importance of monthly access fee, mobile to mobile phones rate and connection fee. References: 1. Blackwell, R. J., Miniard, P. W., & Engel, J. F. (2006). Consumer behavior (10th Ed.) Cincinnati, Orlando: Harcourt College Publishers. South Western-Thomson Learning. 2. Karjaluoto, H., Karvonen, J., Kesti, M., Koivumaki, T., Manninen, M., Pakola, J., Ristola, A., & Salo, J. (2005). Factors Affecting Consumer Choice of Mobile Phones: Two Studies from Finland. Journal of Euromarketing, 14(3), 59–82. 3. Liu, CM (2002). The effects of promotional activities on brand decision in the cellular telephone industry, The Journal of Product & Brand Management, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 42-51. 4. Dorsch, MJ, Grove, SJ and Darden, WR (2000). Consumer intentions to use service category, Journal of Services Marketing, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 92-118. 5. Riquelme, H. (2001). Do consumers know what they want? Journal of Consumer marketing 18(5), 437-448

Artificial Birth Control Essay

Artificial birth control methods have been used for thousands of years. The hieroglyphics of ancient Egyptians show a figure of an Egyptian male wearing a device around the penis to help prevent pregnancy during intercourse. And there are other cultures which use condoms made of linen or animal intestines. Until now, historians and researchers are still debating on whether the condoms are for ritual purposes or not. â€Å"Artificial Birth Control† is most commonly heard in relation to religious teachings on family planning. Many sectors especially religion encourage the use of natural family planning as opposed to artificial birth control because they believe that using artificial contraception is opposite to God’s will. But there are also non-religious people who preferred not to use artificial birth control for personal, ethical or medical reasons. Artificial birth control can be defined as any product, procedure or practice that uses artificial or unnatural means to prevent pregnancy. Barrier methods such as condoms, Intra uterine Devices (copper), diaphragms, cervical cap, and sponge, hormonal methods such as the pill, IUDs (hormonal), and emergency contraception. There are also injections, spermicides, and surgical sterilization procedures such as tubal ligation and vasectomy which are all considered to be artificial birth control methods. This paper includes the different types and examples of artificial birth control and their advantages and disadvantages. Condoms A condom is a device made of fine rubber (latex). It avoids unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including AIDS and HIV. The use of condoms is one of the easiest, most reliable and effective methods. But one should take few precautionary measures before using it; they must ensure that it is not torn or ruptured and that they are using it before the expiry date. For a male condom, the man covers his penis with a condom during sexual intercourse in order to prevent the sperm from entering the vagina. A female condom is also made if fine rubber (latex) that when used it must be entirely aligned to vagina. The two types of female condom are the FC or FC2 female condom and the VA w.o.w. Condom Feminine. The FC female condom is a 17 cm (6.5 inches) in length. There is a flexible ring at each end. At the closed end of the sheath, the flexible ring is inserted into the vagina to anchor the condom in place. While at the open end, the ring stays outside the vulva at the entrance to the vagina. The VA w.o.w. Condom Feminine when not stretched is around 9 cm (3.5 inches) – though it is very elastic. It has a rounded triangular frame at the open end and a sponge inside the closed end, which helps to hold the condom inside the vagina. Condoms are easily obtained, cheap, very effective, it protects against sexually transmitted disease, and it possibly reduces risk of cervical cancer. But it interrupts the foreplay, it reduces sensitivity for both or either partner, it requires great care, and it sometimes causes allergy. Intra uterine Devices (IUD) – Copper IUD is a birth control device made of soft plastic and has the shape of the English letter T and is placed in the uterus. It is a long-term method that prevents pregnancy for 3-5 years. Copper is wound on the lower part and on the tip of the T are the two threads. With the help of the threads, women can check if it is inserted properly. Copper T does not create any problems during copulation and it can be used immediately after childbirth. But unlike condoms, it does not protect the user from AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Diaphragm Diaphragm is a thin rubber dome with an elastic and flexible rim. It is inserted into the vagina and fits over the cervix that is hold in place by vaginal muscles. The diaphragm holds spermicide in place over the cervix; spermicide kills sperm and prevents fertilization. Diaphragms are 86-94% effective as birth control. It is cheap, the female partner is the one that takes the responsibility, there is no interruption during intercourse, there is no loss of sensation for either partner, it reduces of bacteria related STDs, couples may feel less inhibited when the woman is menstruating, and pre – malignancy and cervical malignancy are reduced. But it is uncomfortable to insert and remove from vagina, it requires a doctor to fit and check it, it requires preparation, some male partners are aware of the cap and may not like it, there is no protection against viral conditions such as herpes simplex or HIV, it sometimes cause allergy, and it cannot be fitted before first intercourse, if there is a vaginal septum or utero-vaginal prolapsed. Cervical Cap Cervical cap is a device inserted into the vagina that fits over the cervix to blocked the sperm from entering the uterus and prevents fertilization. After intercourse, it should be left in place for 8 hours. Cervical covers are 84-91% effective at preventing pregnancy for women who have never given birth and 68-74% effective for women who have given birth. Cervical cap can be inserted many hours before sexual intercourse, it is easy to carry around, it is comfortable to use, it does not alter menstrual cycle and affect future fertility, and it may help the user to better know her body. But cervical cap does not protect against HIV or AIDS, it requires a fitting in a clinic, it is difficult to insert or remove, it can be dislodged during sexual intercourse, and there can be possible allergic reactions. Birth Control Sponge The birth control sponge is made of plastic foam that contains spermicide. It is soft, round, and about two (2) inches in diameter. It has a nylon loop attached to the bottom for removal and it is inserted deep into the vagina before sexual intercourse. The sponge avoids pregnancy by keeping sperm from joining with an egg. The sponge may cover the cervix and blocks the sperm from entering the uterus or it can continuously release a spermicide that keeps the sperm from moving. The birth control sponge can be carried in pocket or purse, it can’t be felt by either partner, it has no effect on a woman’s natural hormones, it does not interrupt sex play, and it can be used during breastfeeding. But it may be difficult for some women to insert or remove the sponge, it may cause vaginal irritation, and it may make sex too messy or too dry because sponge requires too much liquid. Contraceptive Pills Most hormonal birth control methods contain the hormones estrogen and progestin, although some contain progestin only. Hormonal contraceptive pills work by preventing females from ovulating or releasing eggs from their ovaries each month, and by thinning the lining of the uterus to keep a pregnancy from implanting. Without an egg to be fertilized by sperm, pregnancy cannot occur. Contraceptive pill is a very effective birth control but there are also side effects like significant mood swings and decreased libido. Intra uterine Devices (IUD) – Hormonal Hormonal uterine devices sometimes called Intra Uterine Systems were first introduced in 1990. It releases levonorgestrel, a progestogen, and may be used for five years. Hormonal Intra Uterine Devices do not increase bleeding as inert and copper-containing IUDs do. Rather, they reduce menstrual bleeding or prevent menstruation altogether, and can be used as a treatment for menorrhagia (heavy periods). The use of Intra Uterine Systems results in much lower systemic progestogen levels than other very-low-dose progestogen-only hormonal contraceptives; they might possibly have some of the same side effects like loss of libido, possible cervical cancer, vaginal infection, anxiety and nervousness, and pain in lower abdominals. Emergency Contraception The emergency contraception is also known as the morning-after pill. It is a safe and effective way to prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse. It can be started up to five days or 120 hours after unprotected intercourse. The hormone in the morning-after pill prevents pregnancy by thickening a woman’s cervical mucus and by thinning the lining of the uterus. The mucus blocks sperm and keeps it from joining with an egg which could prevent pregnancy by keeping a fertilized egg from attaching to the uterus. Injections Injections are 99% effective that is scheduled every 3 months. Depo-Provera ®, one of the two types that are now available, contains progesterone that is similar to what the body produces. It prevents release of the egg from the ovary and causes changes in cervical mucus and the lining of the uterus. The second one is the Lunelle ® which contains two hormones like the pill, so it has the same side effects as the pill. Spermicides Spermicides can come in different form like cream, gel, foam, film, and suppositories. Most spermicides contain nonoxynol-9 which is a chemical that kills sperm. Spermicides immobilize and kill the sperm before they are able to swim into the uterus. To be effective, the spermicide must be placed deep in the vagina, close to the cervix. Creams, gels, and foams are squirted into the vagina using an applicator. But spermicides are more effective when used with another method of birth control, such as a condom or diaphragm. Spermicides are only effective for an hour, not all women can use it and some have an allergic reaction to the substances. Sterilization Sterilization is a form of birth control and all the procedures are meant to be permanent. For females (Tubal Ligation), a minor operation that blocks a woman’s fallopian tubes, the tubes that carry the egg to the uterus; female sterilization works by blocking the egg from reaching sperm. For males (Vasectomy), requires minor surgery on the scrotum to cut the vasa deferentia, the tubes that carry sperm. This operation keeps sperm from mixing into the semen when men ejaculate. Without sperm, fertilization of an egg cannot occur and pregnancy is prevented. Sterilization provides permanent birth control, allows sexual spontaneity, requires no daily attention, does not affect pleasure, and it is also not messy. But it does not protect against sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS, it is not immediately effective, it requires minor surgery in a clinic and a possible regret if the couple wish to have one or more child. References: http://www.avert.org/female-condom.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrauterine_device http://www.tarahaat.com/health_ABC.aspx http://www.livestrong.com/article/201512-types-of-artificial-methods-for-family-planning/ http://www.modernmom.com/article/what-is-the-meaning-of-artificial-birth-control http://www.ehow.com/facts_5004780_what-meaning-artificial-birth-control.html http://www.fwhc.org/birth-control/diaphram.htm